limitations of schofield equation
For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The total number of subjects (children, adolescents, and adults) who served as the basis of this study was 2528 (1027 males and 1501 females). Resting energy expenditure (REE) prediction equations developed for children and adolescents aged 517 y1.
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The determination of resting energy expenditure (REE) is the primary step for estimating the energy requirement of an individual. For sex, female = 0 and male = 1. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals, Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely used prediction equation, A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults, A reappraisal of caloric requirements in healthy women, A reappraisal of caloric requirements in men, Reappraisal of resting metabolic rate of normal young men, A re-examination of basal metabolic rate predictive equations: the importance of geographic origin of subject sample selection, Equation for predicting resting energy requirements of healthy adults aged 1881 y, Relationship between anthropometric indices of body fat distribution and basal energy metabolism in healthy Maltese women, Predicting basal metabolic rate in the obese is difficult, Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults, Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labeled water measurements, Energy requirements of adults: an update on basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and physical activity levels (PALs), Prediction of resting energy expenditure from fat-free mass and fat mass, Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: new insights provided by body composition modeling, Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross validation study, Sex and age specific prediction formulas for estimating body composition from bioelectrical impedance: a cross-validation study, The age-related decline in resting energy expenditure in humans is due to the loss of fat-free mass and to alterations in it's metabolically active components, Hypermetabolism in clinically stable patients with liver cirrhosis, Oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate in sepsis, sepsis syndrome, and septic shock, Habitual fat intake and basal fat oxidation in obese and non-obese Caucasians, Intra- and inter-individual variations in energy expenditure of 1415-year-old schoolgirls as determined by indirect calorimetry, Bestimmung von energie- und substratumstzen mittels indirekter kalorimetrie.
The different sex and age groups differed significantly in REE (Table 5 and data not shown).
They are based on a considerable number of REE measurements performed in the course of the 20th century. In this cross-sectional study, the indirect calorimetry test, nutritional assessment and fasting blood tests were all performed on the same day.
It became evident that BMI groupspecific REE prediction is necessary in severely underweight subjects (see Results). In reality, as age increases, the association between weight and Lightly active men should multiply The equations used for the predicting REE are as follows: (i) Harris and Benedicts equations [12]: (ii) Schofields equations reported by the World Health Organization [13]: Data are expressed as mean standard deviation (SD), median and interquartile ranges, or proportions. Analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows (version 15, 2001, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and statistical significance was considered at the conventional P < 0.05 level (two-tailed). Because these equations are applied by dietetics practitioners to individuals, a key inclusion criterion was research reports of individual data. RMR estimation errors would be eliminated by valid measurement of RMR with indirect calorimetry, using an evidence-based protocol to minimize measurement error. FOIA
Chmielewska A, Kujawa K, Regulska-Ilow B. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Fat mass (FM) was derived from the equation FM = body weight - FFM, and percentage FM (%FM) was derived from the equation %FM = FM/body weight.
2006 Updates: hemodialysis adequacy, peritoneal dialysis adequacy, vascular access, New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism, Institute of Medicine/Food and Nutrition Board, Validation of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in adult outpatients and inpatients, The HarrisBenedict studies of human basal metabolism: history and limitations, Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely used prediction equation, New predictive equations for the estimation of basal metabolic rate in tropical peoples, Basal metabolic rate of Indian men: no evidence of metabolic adaptation to a low plane of nutrition, Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure: the role of body composition thyroid status, sympathetic activity, and family membership. Epub 2016 Apr 30. The findings showed that the two Schofield equations [along with Talbot tables ( 24 )] compared with many other equations were the least inaccurate ( 23 ). This point was discussed in detail by Elia (1).
WebSchofield Equation for Females. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured at 1-min intervals, and the mean of the last 20min was used to calculate the REE according to the following Weirs equations, without using urinary urea nitrogen [, Chronic kidney disease: a public health problem that needs a public health action plan, Causes and prevention of protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney failure, Nutritional parameters and mortality in incident hemodialysis patients, Identifying and managing malnutrition stemming from different causes, Energy requirements in patients with chronic renal failure, Body composition and energy metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency, Decreased resting energy expenditure in non-dialysed chronic kidney disease patients, Energy expenditure in patients with chronic renal failure, Resting energy expenditure and its determinants in hemodialysis patients, Resting energy expenditure in peritoneal dialysis patients, Increased energy expenditure in hemodialysis patients, A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man, Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work, Measured and predicted resting metabolic rate in Italian males and females, aged 1859 y, K/DOQIClinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure, K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations.
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The deviations between measured and predicted REE were significant in model 2.
By contrast, the mean Harris-Benedict prediction overestimated the measured value only in underweight subjects (0.54 0.84 MJ/d; P < 0.001), whereas in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, the mean REE predicted according to the Harris-Benedict formula was not significantly different from the measured value (differences of 0.02 0.88, 0.00 0.78, and 0.05 0.95 MJ/d in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, respectively).
However, in agreement with the present study, the errors of both equations were relatively large. The German REE data exceed the IOM normative data by 0.3 MJ/d. REE by both prediction equations as well as by indirect calorimetry correlated negatively with age and positively with lean body mass, BMI, PNA, and energy intake in CKD patients.
Thus, the use of total body weight by the prediction equations could be a potential source of overestimation of REE in these particular patients.
Twenty-six patients (9%) had diabetes, 25% had inflammation (defined as CRP 1.0mg/dL) and 20% had severe hyperparathyroidism (defined as PTH 700pg/mL). J Acad Nutr Diet.
Vinken AG, Bathalon GP, Sawaya AL, Dallal GE, Tucker KL, Roberts SB.
The whole study population of 2528 subjects is characterized in Table 2.
Accuracy of Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equations in Sport Climbers.
New prediction formulas were generated in subpopulation 1 and were then cross-validated in subpopulation 2.
Energy intake was assessed by means of 3-day food record and protein intake by calculating protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA) according to the KDOQI guideline for nutrition [16].
REE increased with body weight and FFM (Figure 1).
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CPT1A in AgRP neurons is required for sex-dependent regulation of feeding and thirst. PMC Acceptable prediction of REE (90110% adequacy) was found in 47% of the patients by using the Harris and Benedicts equation and in only 37% by using the Schofields equation. Before This simplified equation predicted measured REE in the validation dataset with much higher accuracy (narrow limits of agreement) compared to the Schofield equation. Conclusions: Bland-Altman analysis showed a systematic error for the WHO prediction in males and females (Figure 3).
Significant differences between measured and WHO-predicted REE were observed in different age groups and in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight subjects (Tables 8 and 9, Figure 4).
equations. In accordance, overestimation of REE by the equations was noticeable not only among non-dialysed and dialysed CKD patients but also in our healthy control group (7.9% by Harris and Benedict and 9.3% by Schofield). [Outline of nutritional science.] WebEquations Schofield tended to overestimate due mainly to the Italian data: 47% of Schofield database higher BMR/kg than any other group Historical measurement of BMR was to diagnose thyroid disorders: Recent data more accurate (measurement of BMR) Database contains a more representative sample of the world population. Quenouille MH, Boyne AW, Fisher WB, Leitch I. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2011 Jul;14(4):344-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.02.010. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of the World Health Organization (WHO) equations from 1985 in healthy subjects living in a modern, affluent society in Germany and to generate a new formula for predicting REE. None declared.
Significant differences between age groups are not indicated. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1kg and height to the nearest 0.1cm with a stadiometer.